Those differences may seem minor. Still, using terms correctly can prevent misunderstandings with your healthcare provider.
This article explains the differences, what vaccines do, and why their timing is important.
Vaccination vs. Immunization vs. Inoculation
The World Health Organization (WHO) says vaccination and immunization are related terms. But vaccination describes a specific action, while immunization describes a process.
By the WHO definition:
Vaccination: The use of vaccines to stimulate your immune system to protect you against infection or disease Immunization: The process of making you immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically via vaccination
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offers similar definitions:
Vaccination: The act of introducing a vaccine to give you immunity to a specific diseaseImmunization: The process by which vaccination protects you from a disease
The term inoculation is often used as a synonym for vaccination or immunization.
The term was first coined in the 18th century. It described variolation—introducing a small amount of pus from someone with smallpox into the body of someone without it.
Today, though, the term almost always means immunity through vaccination. So it’s basically the same as immunization.
What Vaccines Do
Vaccination and immunization protect you from potentially deadly diseases. Vaccines now prevent diseases that once killed millions. These include polio and influenza (the flu).
Vaccines put your immune system to work. First, your immune system recognizes an invader as harmful. Then it makes antibodies designed to target that specific disease.
It also creates memory cells. These can re-launch an attack if the pathogen returns. This lowers your risk of getting sick again. The process is called the acquired (or adaptive) immune response.
Everyone is protected when enough people in a community are vaccinated. That includes those who aren’t vaccinated. This is due to herd immunity.
Herd immunity means that there aren’t enough vulnerable people in a community for an infection to spread widely. When diseases can’t spread, they die out.
That’s how public health officials have eliminated (or nearly eliminated) diseases like:
Polio Mumps Measles
Vaccine Timing and Effectiveness
Starting at birth, babies get a lot of vaccinations. That worries some parents.
Herd immunity is reached when enough people in a community are immune such that a pathogen can’t spread widely. It even protects those who aren’t vaccinated.
But following the recommended schedule is important. Vaccinations are timed to protect against specific diseases when your child is most at risk.
The CDC’s vaccine schedule has been proven safe and effective at protecting children from common diseases. Not getting vaccinated places a child at serious risk.
Some vaccines are also recommended for adults. These vaccines help prevent:
Pertussis (whooping cough) Hepatitis B Meningococcal meningitis
Shingles Pneumonia COVID-19 Influenza
You need some vaccines once and others every so often. That’s because the immunity can wear off over time. How long it lasts is called the duration of immunity.
When immunity begins to wane, you might need a booster or another vaccine. Tetanus and COVID-19 are examples of this.
Summary
Vaccination gives you immunity to a specific pathogen. Immunization is the process of developing immunity. The word usually refers to immunity through vaccination, but it can occur through infection, as well. Inoculation is a synonym for vaccination and immunization.
Vaccines teach your immune system to recognize and fight specific germs. Herd immunity means too many people are immune for a pathogen to spread. This protects those who aren’t vaccinated.
Vaccines are timed to protect you and your children when you’re most vulnerable to certain illnesses. It’s important to follow the CDC’s vaccine schedule.
A Word From Verywell
You may have heard a lot of anti-vaccine fears. They aren’t supported by medical research.
Vaccines go through strict testing and the demanding FDA-approval process. They must be proven safe and effective before they’re given to patients.
So protect yourself and your family from potentially deadly illnesses. Talk to your healthcare provider to make sure you’re up to date on vaccines.
Live-attenuated vaccinesInactivated vaccinesSubunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccinesToxoid vaccinesmRNA vaccinesViral vector vaccines
Depending on the type, the vaccine may use:
A weakened version of the disease-causing germA dead version of the germParts of the germA toxin that harms the germGenetic material that helps you develop an immune response
Then, the people who are most vulnerable due to age or illness aren’t exposed to the illness.
First, research shows the vaccine is necessary. Then the FDA approves testing. Initial testing is done on animals. At least three phases of human testing are done. If it’s safe and effective, the vaccine can move on to the FDA’s approval process.
Even after approval, the FDA still closely monitors vaccines for any problems.
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